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Sometimes referred to as Battle sign, after W H Battle, mastoid ecchymosis is an indication of fracture of the base of the posterior portion of the skull and may suggest underlying brain trauma.
It consists of bruising immediately behind the ears. Another common bruising sign of a skull injury is raccoon eyes, the purplish discoloration around the eyes following fracture of the frontal portion of the skull base.
Both these are seen most commonly in serious car crashes, and are a tell-tale sign for response medics that grave injuries may be present.
Anasarca, also known as extreme generalized edema, or leucophlegmatia is a medical condition characterised by widespread swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid into the extracellular space. This condition often appears in the male genitals, causing painful swelling and difficulty urinating.
It is usually caused by either congestive cardiac failure, liver failure (cirrhosis of the liver) or renal failure/disease and severe malnutrition/protein deficiency. It can also be created by the administration of exogenous intravenous fluid.
Certain plant-derived anticancer chemotherapeutic agents, such as docetaxel, cause anasarca through a poorly understood capillary leak syndrome.
Gynecomastia is the development of abnormally large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement.
The condition is mostly seen in infants (due to female hormones from the mother; this is called witches’ milk), in adolescence, and in the elderly. The causes of common gynecomastia remain uncertain, although it has generally been attributed to an imbalance of sex hormones or the tissue responsiveness to them; a root cause is rarely determined for individual cases, which means you’ll likely never know.
Many US insurance companies deny coverage for surgery for gynecomastia treatment on the grounds that it is a cosmetic procedure. Compression garments can camouflage chest deformity and stabilize bouncing tissue bringing emotional relief to some. There are also those who choose to enjoy the condition.